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教育實踐與研究期刊
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Vol. 13-1（2000/6）

The level of law-related awareness of people directly relates to the competitiveness of a nation. Therefore, the law-related education deserves to have a crucial and fundamental part in elementary school. The purpose of this study firstly is to explore the meaning of “rule of law” and “democracy”; then, the current status of law-related education in elementary schools in major industrial nations will be discussed. Authors develop and design the evaluation of law-related education based on the findings of critique and analysis above. Finally, some suggestions are made for the Government and further study
 

 

This study aims to portray the cultural picture of primary schools in England and the view from Taiwan was purposely designed to address. As a collective case study, the writing style of this study has been influenced by the approach of arts-based educational research. In the field of England, four LEA primary schools located in three cities in England were sampled as cases. Due to the constraint of limited time available in English primary schools, one Taiwanese girl with a seven-year schooling experience in England and just back to Taiwan around one year ago was also studied . 　　In order to achieve the research objectives, the strategies employed include observation, interview as well as documentary analysis. The stories which emerged from the field have been categorized into two dimensions: organizational culture as well as psychological & behavioral culture. In addition, the reflection upon the methodology has been provided as the fourth part in this report. The themes which come out from the reflection include the accumulation of research finding, the importance of local perspective, and the rethinking of subjectivity.
 

Wen-liuh Lin*

 

The present study investigates current licensure and certification for principals in the U.S. with a view to providing a framework for designing a counterpart system in Taiwan. Resorting mainly to literature review, this study gives a descriptive study and a preliminary analysis of current licensure and certification practices in the U.S. It subsumes the following main parts: (1) the meaning and legal bases of principal’s licensure and certification; (2) types of principal licenses and certificates; (3) rules and regulations pertaining to application for principal’s licenses and certificates; (4) upgrading, renewal, suspension, and revocation of principal’s licenses and certificates; (5) standards for school leaders’ performance and their relationship to principal’s licenses and certificates; (6) school leaders licensure assessment; and (7) general discussion, conclusions, and recommendations. 　　

The study comes to the following conclusions: (1) There appears to be a need for establishing principal’s licensure and certification in Taiwan; (2) There is a good reason for types and terms of certificates for principals; (3) Standards for school leaders and relevant indicators have far-reaching effects on principal preservice education, performance assessment for principals, licensure and certificates, issuing of certificates, license and certificate renewal, induction for beginning principals, and principals’ professional development; and (4) Induction for beginning principals in the US merits consideration for adoption in Taiwan, so does principal’s performance assessment.
 

 

In the late 1960s, the German Education Council began to realize the importance of pre-school education and upbringing of children. A number of kindergarten laws were enacted in all federal states of Germany during the 1970s, which obliged children above three years old to receive pre-school education. Yet drastic structural changes of family and society in the 1990s resulted in the development of kindergarten to all-day-care education. There are three kinds of day-care institutions for children between the fourth month after birth to the 14th year. The development of the German day-care facilities from kindergarten to day-care institutions in the past three decades will be introduced and discussed here.
 

Chih-lin Sun*

 

Research on education indicators is primarily carried out from the perspective of measurement science. It is intended to study the development status and trend of the education system and to describe education phenomena or analyze education problems through objective data. The purpose of this study was to explore the structure and contents of the indicator system for compulsory education. The Delphi technique as method was utilized to engage in constructing works of an education indicator system. The findings could be described as follows: (1) The education indicator system is composed of 75 indicators, and divided into three major areas : input, process , and output. (2) The input area contains four phases, namely expenditure resource, human resource, physical resource, and information resource, and has 29 indicators. The process area contains four phases, namely administration and management, teaching activity, guidance assistance, and support service, and has 25 indicators. The output area also contains four phases, namely participation opportunity, learning progress, student behavior, and educational satisfaction, and has 21 indicators. (3)Of the three areas, the most important is the output area at 66.4%. Next in line is the process area at 18.0%, and the input area at 15.6%. Of the twelve phases, the learning progress phase is of most concern. Phases relating to expenditure resource, information resource and education satisfaction cannot be overlooked. (4) Although indicators included in this system try to cover a comprehensive list of indicators, the users may select or simplify items according to their actual demands.

 

Keyword：education indicator, education indicator system

The samples of this research were sampled from the students of one kindergarten, one elementary school and one junior high school in Taipei City. 593 samples completed the questionnaire. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relation among family support, parenting style, teachers’ teaching practice students’ self-esteem and students’ health related behavior. Data analyses reveal the following results. First, the kinds of behavior significantly relating to self-esteem for second and third graders are brushing their teeth after each meal and vision promotion practice; for the fourth and fifth graders, eating breakfast, vision promotion practice and safe behavior; and for the first and second graders in junior high, safe behavior. Second, for the first and second graders in junior high, fathers’ liberal parenting style results in higher self-esteem in the students than in different parenting style. The students’ self-esteem along the open-style teachers’ teaching practices is higher than that along the traditional ones for the fourth and fifth graders in elementary school. In order to build students’ health related behaviors, we suggest strengthening the educational topics on parenting style, teaching practice and self-esteem.

 

Keyword：self-esteem, family support, parenting style, teachers’ teaching practice, health behavior, intention

The article aims to describe and interpret the history, definition, rationality and institutional practice of charter school in USA. Also, the rationality based on charter school is criticized. 　　The author makes several conclusions. Firstly, the creation of charter school is one of many movements for revitalization of American public education. Secondly, the diverse institutional practice is found in the legislation of different states. Thirdly, the foundational rationality of charter school is based on the libertarian idea of creating a competitive market in education and the management idea of high accountability for high autonomy. Also, a charter school would have more professional autonomy than other public schools. Fourthly, enacting the idea of charter school is a better political policy to defend the argument of education voucher. Finally, some issues should be deeply reconsidered before implementing charter school system. Those are the issues of the limited autonomy constrained by a competitive educational market, the commercialism and instrumentality of education process arising from the choice of schools and the negative impacts on the equality of educational opportunity resulting from the competitive choice system.
 

English will become a required course at elementary school here in Taiwan from 2001. To meet the development of our country and the need of internationalization, this educational policy is necessary and inevitable. Since it is so important and special, we hope we are taking a critical and successful step. In this paper, we examine the development and trend of children English education in both our neighboring countries and our country. Then, focusing on the EFL environment here in Taiwan and on the goal of implementing English teaching at elementary school, we analyze and discuss three issues on teachers, materials, and methods. With respect to teachers, we find that the teachers available are insufficient and the quality of the current teachers needs improving and strengthening. Various training programs to equip teacher trainees with English language ability and English teaching skills are on the way. However, to control and evaluate the quality of English teachers, we have to design and develop a screening system. As to materials for students, under such a circumstance that a great multitude of materials are available, it is necessary for teachers to evaluate and select suitable textbooks and teaching aids professionally based on the background of students, the characteristics of areas, and the development of schools. Besides, some principles are given for those who want to publish textbooks for elementary kids. As to teaching methods, although each method/approach has its own characteristics and theoretical basis, a communicative-approach-oriented eclectic method which meets the goal of English education at elementary school in our EFL environment and which combines some advantages and characteristics will be an applicable and suitable one. By continual observations, evaluations, and improvements, we are sure this teaching method will benefit our students and become an effective one.
 

Chiung-chang Chen*

 

This study sets out to explore the historical meaning of Pagan’s Buddhistic architecture. By classifying Pagan’s architecture according to the styles they expressed, examining the characteric of the six most impressive temples, this study enters into the analysis of Burmese tradition which reflects the multitude of cultural cross currents. An attempt is made to explain the social impact and artistic value of temples in Pagan as a whole. It also seeks to explain how Pagan becomes one of the most important historical sites and ancient religious centers in the world.
 

This author used a children’s book Franklin in the Dark by Bourgeois, P. and Clark, B. (Scholastic, 1986) as a tool to invite her students to write their fears anonymously on a small piece of paper. She then led a whole class discussion to talk about the fears in public. Personal relationship was the most fearful fear among all. It was mentioned 95 times among 122 juniors who were taking “the Principles and Methods of Teaching Elementary Social Studies” in the National Taipei Teachers College. The students’ feedback all recommended this activity highly. They said that from this activity they have learnt what their peers are afraid of. Knowing the fact that we are all afraid of certain things is a terrific experience, students commended. They also noticed that they couldn’t tell if a fearful thought was written by a male or female student. They, therefore, understand that there’s no gender difference when we have a chance to share our fear under anonymous circumstances.
 

The main display of weather classification is to show the regional weather character and difference. Its aim is to offer the reference in nature research and human activity. Most earlier methods of weather classification is established by European scholars, and there exists the regional differences for Taiwan’s conditions. As the reason mentioned above, this paper uses 26 observed stations with a 30-year time interval as its data and classifies by Köppen’s method. Then the efficient and differences between them are compared.

Keyword: Köppen, Fuzzy Cluster

Chuchuang Lai*


Recently, qualitative research method has become more and more important in social science study. The researcher was trying to use qualitative method to understand how the school-to-work program, especially the co-op program with IBM, works and how the coop programs change in 1990s. The researcher designed a qualitative study, interviewing the correlative persons and downloading articles from web site for finding out the authentic situation. 　　

After series of interview and reviewing relevant articles, the researcher got a clear picture of the co-op program between LaGuardia Community College and IBM in the 80s and the change of the program in the 90s. IBM hire their interns from various sources not only co-op program. In the 90s, through the population of the Internet usage, those companies can choose their interns from all over the country. Those schools which traditionally operate the co-op program become less competitive. Besides, the reasons for employer to participate in the co-op program also changed during the 90s. Individual benefits remain the most important reason. The gap between the needs of IBM and 2-year college or high school students requires school authorities to change their passive strategy to more active strategy and encourage students to take more advanced courses.
 

Chow-chin Lu* Ji-jeng Yang**

 

The local teaching activities are being started in each elementary school by the regulation of the Ministry of Education in 1998. For the upcoming local teaching activities, from our project of 1994, we investigated and obtained some environmental teaching resources along Ching-Mei Brook Area and designed 15 teaching activities of sight-view spot. Then we chose 8 representative teaching spots, amended and edited the teaching activity designs and teaching activity sheets of each unit, and hired some teachers whose schools are along Ching-Mei Brook area to engage in teaching experiment in 1996. With the achievements obtained form the past two years, in this paper we planed to train 10 seed teachers to design and edit 10 curriculum designs of local teaching activity all together, and engage in outdoor sidewalk-type teaching.

These ten curriculum designs for local teaching activity include teaching goal, teaching procedure, teaching activities, students activities, background reference and continuing teaching application. By means of execution of this project, all higher-grade students who participate in this teaching experiment improve their knowledge of local culture and understanding of the nature. Besides, we cultivate some seed teachers who have strong knowledge of local teaching and do good teaching.
 

Chow-chin Lu*


This research started by cultivating elementary school natural science teachers to build up the framwork of affective teaching theory as the first step. Then these teachers and the researcher worked together to design 3 cognitive and affective teaching models related to topics on our living environment. The first teaching model is about the river resources and polluted rivers. We used the slides to introduce rivers and surveyed the relationship between rivers and our lives. Students explored the problems of river pollution by their real life experience, group discussions, and cross debates Eventually, students were asked to draw the picture of the Hsin Dan River and to wrote down the methods of protecting river resources. The second teaching model is about clans and groups. By taking field trips, we observed the clans and groups living at the swamp of Kuan Do National Park. We found that the clans influence one another and that the groups have interrelationship with their food chain and food web. Furthermore, we recognized that environmental pollution threatened the lives of all creatures. The last activity was a game called the survival strategy of a little egret, which was designed to impress students why the population of some groups rose or fell. The activity concluded with several environmental protection strategies obtained by group discussions. The third teaching model is about our living environment. This model was designed to cultivate students to care about surroundings and resources as well as to realize the environmental problems on the earth today. Students needed to collect information by all means, including by internet for their topics. Then they reported in front of other students and answered questions. With respect to affective concept, this study is primarily to cultivate students to care about the species surrounding them, to respect the living rights of all creatures, and to cherish what they have today.

 

Keyword: cognitive and affective natural science teaching models, our living environment.

Ning-chun Tan* Jing-tong Tu**


The Elementary School Experimental Mathematics curriculum started in 1992 and ended in 1997. This paper investigated the differences, if any, between classes of experimental and nonexperimental mathematics in terms of learning outcomes. Based on the analysis of the data, the findings were as follows 1.The problem-solving performance of the students in experimental mathematics classes was much better than that of the students in non-experimental mathematics classes. 2.There existed differences between the experimental and non-experimental mathematics classes with respect to meta-cognition. 3.As to the mathematics attitude, there were differences between the experimental and nonexperimental mathematics classes. 4.In experimental mathematics classes , the student who lived in east area were slower than students who lived in other areas in problem-solving performance, and the motivation for learning mathematics and freedom from mathematics anxiety were much better. 5.In experimental mathematics classes , there existed differences among different areas in terms of meta-cognition. 6.In experimental mathematics classes , there were differences among different areas with respect to the attitude toward mathematics.
 

The purpose of this study was to establish a grading system for Taiwanese solo piano works. The origin and development of grading musical works in Taiwan was reviewed. 　　

Grading is a highly subjective process in which all major music works are first collected, analyzed, and compared. After that, a comprehensive set of grades spanning levels from the easiest to the most difficult is then set up. The criteria in grading were based on consideration of two important things — the music itself, and the piano techniques. The result of this system can assist the music learners in piano pedagogy and in selecting suitable piano works. 　　

Few literature on grading of native piano works have been found. Among them five published books are reviewed. They have three key elements in common (except the book by this author) : 杕 They are all arranged from easy to difficult. 杌 Most, but not all of them, use etudes of Western composers to acompany Taiwanese solo piano works. 杈 The authors all have some rudimentary, yet incomplete or unsystematic, concepts of grading.

 

Keyword: grading, piano literature, Taiwanese solo piano music

  • The Development of the Budget of Early Childhood Education in Taiwan (1949-)

    Fu-tsai Hung*


    The education budget is one of the important indicators for assessing education quality. The development of early childhood education in Taiwan has been over one hundred years. Due to the transfer of political power and involvement of foreign force, the current status of early childhood education in Taiwan was established. It would provide some deeper history experiences for early childhood education quality by the work of researching the budget in Taiwan for recent years. 　　

Material analysis was conducted in this study. The study focused on the period from the time when the Nationalist Government moved to Taiwan (1949) till so far. It adopted education budget indicators about assessing education quality brought up by L. Burstein to analyze the development of early childhood education budget in Taiwan in recent years in order to show the systematized development history. The results and suggestions of this study are presented as follows: 　　

Firstly, the education budgets and total cost for kindergarten was showed up with years. The real cost and the percentage of expenditure in GNP for kindergarten are far less than that for other education levels. The education budget for kindergarten should be increased. Secondly, private kindergarten loads a large part of kindergarten expenditure. In addition, the unit cost for the private kindergarten students is double and a half than that for the public ones, which violates the fairness and justice principles obviously. It's necessary to review the policy of the distribution of whole education budget and to examine the rationality of expenditure structure. Thirdly, subsidiary kindergartens and primary schools use the facilities collectively, but private kindergartens spend 75% of whole expenditure for normal cost. It's worth a further analysis about the rationality due to the different developments of the body and mind between kindergarten and primary school pupils. And the capital expenditure for private kindergarten takes just about 25% of whole expenditure, so a further research should be executed at the same time.
 

  • A Case Study on the Evaluation of the Implementation of the One-year Student Teaching in Kindergartens by the Student Teachers and Their Mentors

    Ya-mei Chen*


    “Act for Preservice Teacher Education”, effective in 1994, cast a tremendous influence on early childhood preservice teacher education. The first class of students majoring early childhood education from National Taipei Teachers College after the enactment of “Act for Preservice Teacher Education” started their one year’s student teaching from July 1, 1998. The case study with a qualitative approach, aimed to investigate the student teachers’ one-year field experience in kindergartens, and the viewpoints of the student teachers and their mentors on the implementation of the oneyear student teaching in kindergartens. Six student teachers and their mentors were involved in this study. Data collected included questionnaires, interviews, reflective notes, student teaching assignments, and so on. Findings showed that the student teachers were expected to be active, child-loving, willing to ask, do and learn, and to possess early childhood professional knowledge, and abilities to communicate and to observe children. As to involvement in teaching and nursery activities, student teachers in kindergartens progressed from observing, assisting, and participating in teaching activities to teaching by themselves. As to practition in administrative affairs, great differences were found among the six student teachers. The one-year student teaching was regarded as casting positive effects on the professional development of the six student teachers with their improvement in dealing with children, teaching skills, flexibility to change, classroom management, administrative abilities, interpersonal interaction, and so on. However, the subjects involved in the study were still concerned about the length of student teaching, the salary of student teachers, the ambiguity of the contents of student teaching, the choice of mentors, the training of mentors, and the modification of student teachers’ attitudes towards student teaching. Suggestions were given respectively with regard to early childhood student teachers and the student teaching system.

 

Yandan Lin*

The main purpose of this study, through the analyses of the status and researches of the tradition craft art delivery in Mainland China, was to investigate how to develop concrete methods so that the craft art in Taiwan can be delivered and passed down effectively in the future. The methodology is based on interviews in China, and documents analysis, together with seminars joined by experts from Taiwan and from China.

The main findings of the study were as follows: 杕 The decrees of China tradition craft art is sound and complete. 杌 The reward laws and system in China tradition craft art are set up to encourage these masters to deliver the craft art. 杈 For the craft art teachers,they have five examined professional titles, “super craft art teacher” ”craft art teacher” “assistant craft art teacher” “craft art person”. 杝 The qualification examination is held once four years. 杍 The methods of China tradition craft art delivery are divided into master and apprentice education, school education, and so on. 杚 China tradition craft art delivery is facing some problems, but it also helps to start a new way of delivery. 　　

Besides, the research also provides some concrete suggestions about how to develop tradition craft art delivery in Taiwan in the future to our government, school, authorities, juridical persons and craft art teachers in society.
 

Shuei-pi Lee*

 

Physical activity reduction due to detraining or the bed rest commonly occurred in people who got injuried or was sick. Reduction in physical activity may have influence on musculoskeletal use, which affects body physiological adaptation. Therefore, to understand the physiological response after detraining and bed rest is a very important topic in the prevention from functional decrease and rehabilitation after injury or muscle disuse. Meanwhile, the physiological responses are quite different in the prior studies. 　　

In order to educate people well in the area of detraining and the period of bed rest, many ways of detraining and bed rest, including casting, crutches, paralysis, space flight, and aging, etc. are discussed by reviewing related literature. Typically the response area of morphological, strength, neuromuscular, speed, agility, flexibility, and muscular endurance will be discussed in this study.

 

Keyword: detaining, bed rest

  • Biomechanics Analysis of the Sprint Start of the Elite World Athlete

    Tzu-lin Won*


    The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanic’s parameters of sprint start. The subject of the research adopted content analysis and the parameters of the influenced the sprint start were compared, and do systematic inductiveness in the data. The result was of importance not only in understanding the characteristics of the athlete, but also in providing references and suggestions to coaches and researchers in their future research.

The findings are as follows: 　　

杕 In the block positioning and sprint start performance, the bunch start advantaged with both C.G near start line and reaction time. 　　

杌 The muscle’s group contributed to soleus, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius with respect to the block phase of sprint start in the SSC. 　　

杈 The block phase of the sprint start was 90~110 degrees and 130~140 degrees in knee’s degree of the interposter- foot. 　　

杝 The body weight distributed to two-hands in proportion was less than 50%, and the average distance was 66~66cm from total body center of gravity position to ground. 　　

杍 On the elite world sprinter, rear foot was larger than front foot in the block force, but rear foot was smaller than front foot in the vertical impulse.

 

Keyword：SSC；Pre-Tension；Kinematics；Kinetics；TBCG；Medium start；Braking force；Sprint start

  • The Effects of "Sign of Step's Rate" on the Performance of Triple Jump

    I-xiang Chen* Hsin-pei Shuei**


    The purpose of this study was to investigate the triple jump's rates of new learners in Physical Education Department and the effects of "sign of step's rate" on the performance of triple jump. 24 freshmen in NTPTC were divided into two groups: "sign of step's rate" group and control group. These subjects received a triple jump course for 4 weeks, 2 hours a week. After that course, their three step's distance of triple jump was measured. The results are as follows: 　　

杕 The triple jump's rates of new learners in Physical Education Department were 34.07%: 24.65%: 40.55%. 　　

杌 The "sign of step's rate" and the triple jump course were helpful to the performance of triple jump. 　　

杈 The "sign of step's rate" was helpful to the performance of " step" in triple jump. The triple jump course was helpful to the performance of "hop" and "jump" in triple jump. 　　

The results suggest when teachers or coaches teach triple jump, they could use " sign of step's rate " in teaching activities.

Keyword: triple jump, sign of step's rate

The subjects for this study were 23 male freshmen (age：19.2±1.1years，weight： 67.2±7.5kg，and height：173.7±5.7cm) studying in the Department of Physical Education of National Taipei Teachers College. The performances of side-twist, back-twist (changeof-step) and back-twist(glide) were measured after twelve sessions (600minutes) of practices. The analyses of repeated t-test and One Way ANOVA were conducted, and the summary of results was listed as follows：

坽 Their shot put records had significant improvement from 9.67meters to 10.13meters(p<.05).

夌 There were no significance among the side-twist, back-twist ²(change-of-step) and back-twistⅡ(glide)of distance.

 

Keyword：shot put, teaching effect.

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