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教育實踐與研究期刊
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Vol. 19-1（2006/3）

Both kids studied at the same elementary school for the first grade in Germany; later, one returned to Taiwan, and the other remained studying in Germany. Both are students of 7th grade now.

The student immersed in European culture shows greatly respectful and solemn to his 5th & 6th grade school life, whereas the child grew in Taiwan educational environment simply expresses by the word "fun" to his school life. When facing lower grades in English subject, the kid in Taiwan fiercely blames on not studying at a cram school; on the other hand, the kid in Germany self-examines that he could not adjust his learning methods in time and could not take time to master the Latin class contents. When being asked about the marks of 70-80 points on mathematics test, the kid in Taiwan seems not to be serious; the kid in Germany, on the other hand, strictly makes himself become ready in order to take tests at any time. When making choices on the extra-curriculum activities, the kid in Germany subtly senses the learning pressure from school work, and chooses the activities that he can learn and enjoy his daily life, such as Jazz dance, chess, computer and chorus; the kid in Taiwan, however, chooses activities based on the principles of relaxing and interesting, such as astrology, badminton, and music appreciation.

Although the outward circumstances of learning process and daily life seem the same for both kids, the described cognitive process is influenced by the school inter and outer environments, such as subject contents, social ecology, and peer groups, and the differences can be viewed.


Keyword: school culture diversity, teaching environment, topics interview

  • The Effects of a Program for Examining Pre-Service Teachers’ Teaching Beliefs and Their Practices

    Li-Chun Li*

     

    Pre-service teachers’ teaching beliefs were affected by their past image. It is essential for teacher education to examine pre-service teachers’ beliefs, and to change them if it is necessary. Also, teaching beliefs are closely related to their practices; however, research found that there is an inconsistency between beliefs and practices in novice. The main purpose of this study was to investigate pre-service teachers’ beliefs, and to arrange a program to examine the consistency of their beliefs and practices. Nine pre-service teachers participated this study. The results showed that after attending the program, student teachers knew more about their beliefs and practices, and made some adjustments after reflective thinking. Upon these findings, this study proposed several suggestions for teacher education program.

 

Keyword: pre-service teachers, teaching beliefs, teaching practices, teaching behaviors

  • A Reflection on Curriculum of State Education: The perspectives of Bauman, Beck, and Giddens on Global Risk Society

    Teng Huang*

     

    There are three aims of this essay. The first aim is to discuss the features of the ”curriculum” of state education, which has the closest relationship between curriculum and the state. The features of the curriculum of national education should be based on the image of a community, from a rational curriculum perspective with modernity, and implemented through state systems, which embodied the close relationship between curriculum and the state. The second aim of this essay is to examine the curriculum of national education in regard to the global risk society. And it shows that the features of the curriculum of national education not only correlates with the risks of globalization, they also inhibit our thinking and action to solve those risks brought by globalization. The third aim is to propose some suggestions of curriculum studies in the global risk society.

 

Keyword: curriculum of state education, risk society, globalization, curriculum studies

  • Effects of Implementing the Computer Assisted Problem-Posing Strategy on English Vocabulary Learning Achievement and Affective Reaction

    Chinfen Chen & Hun-Zan Zeng∗

     

    The study aimed to investigate the effects of implementing the computer assisted problem-posing strategy on sixth-grade students’ English vocabulary learning achievement, retention effects, English learning motivation, and learning experiences. This study was a one-factor quasi-experimental design, lasting for 12 weeks. 64 sixth graders from an elementary school in Kaohsiung city were recruited and randomly assigned as the experimental group and the control group respectively. The former adopted the computer assisted problem-posing strategy, while the latter received the conventional English teaching. Research data were collected through the pre/post English Vocabulary Achievement Tests, an English Vocabulary Retention Test, the English Learning Motivation Scale, and Learning Experience Questionnaire. Data were analyzed quantitatively with descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests and dependent-samples t-tests. The results show that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group in English Vocabulary Achievement test, English Vocabulary Retention test, and English Learning Motivation Scale. In addition, data collected from Learning Experience Questionnaire also indicate that the experimental group developed a very positive and supportive attitude toward the adoption of the computer assisted problem-posing strategy in their English learning.

 

Keyword: the computer-assisted problem-posing strategy, vocabulary learning achievement, affective reaction

  • Learning by Doing: A Play Therapist’s Case Conceptualization Model

    Pei-Yung Liang*

     

    The purpose of this paper is to present a play therapist’s case conceptualization model, which was formulated from many years of clinical experiences. The author first introduces an “Assessment--Guess（Hypothesis）--Intervention” working model and explains how the model works. Then the author lists his viewpoints of play therapy and discloses the psychological processes of the confrontation from the clients. Finally the author shows his thoughts and introspections of play therapy.

 

Keyword: play therapy

The participants are 1,171 Taiwanese mothers whose children aged between three to six years old. The mothers completed measures of mothers’ beliefs in children’s autonomy, which was composed by two concepts. One was functional autonomy such as self-reliance and self-judgment. The other one was interactive autonomy such as self-control and self-assertion. In addition, the cultural factors such as mothers’ beliefs in co-sleeping with their children as well as mother’s beliefs in negativism were also investigated. The statistical analyses applied to this research are descriptive statistics and ANOVA.

Overall, most of the mothers believe that their young children are functionally autonomous. However, due to the dynamic nature of interactive autonomy, it was not revealed through this measurement. Observations on parent-child interactions in a naturalistic context may convey more valuable data regarding interactive autonomy. For example, the low value of Cronbach α of self-control could be that children aged from 3 to 6 years old may have different levels of self-control; meanwhile, the subscale of self-assertion is mainly measuring one dimension of self-assertion, that is self-expression. In a naturalistic context, the meanings in self-assertion may appear to be multi-layers; for example, self-assertion can be seen as showing one’s autonomy or revealing one’s defiance. Interestingly, although the mothers expected their children to be functionally autonomous; emotionally they also wished to be close to their children. 71.65% of the mothers co-slept with their children until their kids were 6 years old. Bed sharing is seen by the mothers as a way to enhance the intimacy with their children. The results also indicate that mothers from different SES backgrounds hold different beliefs in young children’s autonomy and related cultural beliefs. Generally speaking, the mothers with higher SES backgrounds tend to believe that their children have more autonomous competence. On the other hand, the lower SES mothers tend to give less credit for their children’s autonomous competence. Implications for parental education and further research are also suggested.

Keyword: young children, functional autonomy, interactive autonomy, negativism, self-assertion, self-control, self-reliance, self-judgment, co-sleep

  • The Contribution of Education to Economic Development

    Fang-Chung Chang*

     

    Human capital is an important factor for economic development. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the contribution of the land, physical capital, labor, and education to gross domestic per capital (GDP) in 1970-1995, respectively. The results are as follows. First, the land, physical capital, labor, and higher education impacted significantly and positively(p<.01) on GDP in 1970-1995. Secondly, the achievement approach shows that the land, physical capital, labor, and higher education impacted significantly and positively(p<.01) on GDP in 1970-1995. Third, with regard to the contribution of primary education, secondary education, and higher education to GDP, only the higher education is significant and positive(p<.01) in 1970-1995; however, the achievement approach indicates that the secondary and higher education are significant and positive(p<.01). Fourthly, if the relationship between the contribution of the land, physical capital, labor, primary education, secondary education, and higher education and GDP is considered, it is found that the land, physical capital, labor, and education are significant and positive(p<.01); however, in achievement approach, only the higher education is significant to GDP, and the land factor has a negative influence in 1970-1995. On the basis of these results, some suggestions were given.


Keyword: human capital, education, gross domestic per capital (GDP)

  • A Qualitative Study of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Affecting Teaching Commitment in Physical Education Teaching of the Learning Field of Health and Physical Education at the Elementary School

    Yi-Hsiang Pan*

     

    The purpose of the study was to explore how teachers’ self-efficacy affect their teaching commitment in physical education teaching of the learning field of health and physical education at the elementary school. The study employed qualitative research methods including observation, interview and document analysis. The research participants were one high self-efficacy teacher and one low self-efficacy teacher. Both were measured by the health and physical education teacher self-efficacy scale, and proceeded with the study for one year. The results of the study indicated that teacher self-efficacy affects teaching commitment, and revealed different phenomena as follows: (1) the high self-efficacy teacher did have higher teaching identification than the low self-efficacy teacher because the high self-efficacy teacher revealed deep recognition in teaching and the low self-efficacy revealed blurred one in teaching. (2) the high self-efficacy teacher did have higher teaching contribution than the low self-efficacy teacher; (3) the high self-efficacy teacher did have higher commitment of goal setting and achievement than the low self-efficacy teacher; (4) Due to the professional ability, the high self-efficacy teacher did have higher commitment to continue on the teaching work than the low self-efficacy teacher. Finally this study provided some recommendations to improve the teaching of health and physical education learning flied and suggested the follow-up study in the future.


Keyword: health and physical education, teacher self-efficacy, teaching commitment, qualitative research

  • The Debates Between Taiwan Mohism and Confucianism in the 1930s

    Sheng-Feng Weng*

     

    The debates on Mohism and Confucianism were part of the anti-traditional thoughts during the Japanese occupation, which can be seen as the reflection of the traditional academics’ challenge against the new culture. During the Japanese occupation, the blending-theory-pros suggested that in a troubled era under the Japanese impact, we should break the traditional restrain of “To-Honor-Confucianism-Solely,” thus the social culture could be elevated; whereas, the Mohism critics insisted on defending Confucianism. The two different mindsets on academic priority had two debate cores: the Mohist idea of “CHIEN AI (generosity)” and the Confucian idea of “JEN HSIAO (study of benevolence).” This paper is intended to interpret the different dimensions and directions of the traditional Taiwanese thoughts and to constitute a multi-dimensional Taiwanese culture study.

 

Keyword: Debates between Mohism and Confucianism in Taiwan, Traditional Taiwanese thoughts, LIEN YA mansion, Chun-fu CHANG

  • The Landscape Poems of Wang Shyh-Chen

    Ya-Hsin Huang*

     

    The main content of this study includes: (1) an analysis of the Landscape poems composed by Wang Shyh-chen; and (2) the relationship between Wang Shyh-chen’s Landscape poems and Theory of Shen-yun.

 

Keyword: Wang Shyh-Chen, the landscape poems, Theory of Shen-yun

  • Environmental Protection Tactics for Opening Mountains and Preventing Floods in Qing Dynasty: A Study of Yangzi River Basin

    Shu-Fen Wang*

     

    In Qing dynasty, in order to resolve the pressure of overpopulation problem, people destroy forests and then develop wasteland under cultivation as much as possible. It caused flooding and disastrous mudslides. At the same time, it also brought harm to ecology, economy, and society. People did realize the benefits of forest. They also pointed out disadvantages of excessive exploitation. In order to reduce environmental ruin, people even did their best to create useful methods and strategy as follows: shifting from maize production to tree crops and perennials, forbidding shed people’s over-cultivation by moving them away, planting trees broadly, building terraces, and improving methods of mountain cultivation.

 

Keyword: forest function, soil conservation, environmental protection

  • A Study on Sustained Alberti Bass in Domenico Alberti’s VIII Sonate per Cembalo Op. 1

    Shu-Mei Yang*

     

    Widely regarded as one of the basic accompaniment patterns in playing music instruments, Alberti Bass was named after the Italian composer Domenico Alberti (c. 1710 ~ c. 1746) and was one of the major music expressions. A total of eight pieces of Alberti’s Sonate per Cembalo were selected. Two movements of each, hence sixteen movements, were analyzed. This paper explores the characteristics in frequent, abundant or extensive uses of Alberti Bass played by the left hand. The major work of this study consisted of three parts. Firstly, this author established four criteria to define Alberti Bass. Secondly, numbers of the movements that satisfied these criteria of the sustained pattern were counted and their ratios within each piece were calculated. Also, in order to describe the differences in terms of the degree of using Alberti Bass, this author adopted three expressions: “typical uses,” “abundant uses,” and “extensive uses.” It is concluded that among the sixteen movements by Alberti, three involved typical uses, five involved abundant use, whereas there was only one using Alberti Bass extensively.

 

Keyword: Alberti Bass, keyboard sonata, Italian composer

  • Analyzing Games of Chances and Strategies: A Preliminary Research Paper on the “Edutainment” Study

    Shih-Tsung Chang*

     

    Many toys or games are designed with rules that involve chances and strategies. These kinds of toys and games are fascinating to their players who were often engaged to the uncertainty and challenging properties embodied in them. Since these kinds of toys and games have existed in a long history and fit into human being’s needs and wants, this study is intended to disclose their fascinating effects. And by doing this, a new research field that focus on studying the interactivities and effects caused by these interactivities between toys and games and human players can be suggested. Therefore, this study has two purposes: 1. To analyze the similarities and differences between games of chances and strategies in terms of their forms, as well as play functions; 2. Through the execution of the above task, to demonstrate how we can apply the analyzing approaches of “UE (Edu-tainment) Study” to detect out the “grammar” of these games, and therefore, to understand how these games are so attractive and popular.


Keyword: play, games of chances, games of strategies, edutainment

  • Curriculum Design and Implementation with Temporal Order and Cyclic Time Concept of Pupils at Elementary Schools

    Jui-Ping Chien & Jing Chung*

     

    Improving pupils’ own ability is the current educational reform’s tendency in the world. To be in the contemporary society that stresses the importance of efficiency, the proper time management ability is therefore one of the key points toward the success. If pupils’ concept of “temporal order and cyclic time concept” can be established through teachers’ curriculum implementation, it will help increase their ability in time management. This research was conducted by three teachers in an elementary school. The third grade pupils were chosen to be the target for this curriculum design and implementation. The research data collected were mostly qualitative but partly quantitative. The three teachers together drew up the proper curriculum of “temporal order and cyclic time concept,” and then focused on the modification and the implementation effects of the curriculum. The specific suggestions were thus made according to the research results. The process of this research includes three stages: curriculum planning, curriculum implementation, and curriculum promotion. It was found that with the implementation of this curriculum, the pupils’ concept on the researched subject was obviously increased. It was also found that their life experience greatly affected their concept of temporal order and cyclic time concept. So it is suggested that teachers should timely provide a scaffold to enhance pupils’ related learning.

 

Keyword: pupils at elementary schools, temporal order and cyclic time, curriculum design and implementation

Yueh-Chiao Chuang & Ing-Jye Chang*

 

This paper aims to explore the difference in content and quantity between the four sets of textbooks for the elementary school geometry course after the practice of the provisional guidelines in the nine years curriculum.

This paper tends to group the elementary school geometry into five categories: A. The organization and constructional analysis between figure and structure. B. The identification, discovery, and application of the constructional elements between figure and structure. C. The study of the characteristic of figure and its application to problem solving. D. The dissections, reorganization, and transformation of figure. E. The spatial concept.

The study adopted the method of content analysis to analyze the teaching materials of every textbook. It is found that there are various textbooks for one principle, and every textbook varies from each other. The main findings of the study are as follows: 1. Vast differences in the amount of the geometrical teaching material, including the pages, numbers of teaching period, and categories, are found. The most noticeable differences among these textbooks are the numbers of teaching periods, i.e. the teaching period of the textbook B is only 60.53% of the textbook A. 2. The content of the geometry textbook that pays great attention to the study of the characteristics of figure and the application of these characteristics to problem solving is between 30.20% and 38.14%; the discovery, application, and recognition elements of figure formation is between 24.58% and 30.20%. These are in accordance with van Hiele’s Development Theory of Geometry and with the designing principles in geometric teaching material. 3. All the textbooks that are short of spatial concepts with only the cylindrical and conical surfaces are between 3.67% and 9.69%. It is essential to strengthen the teaching materials of spatial visualization in the textbooks in order to promote the ability of students’ spatial visualization.

Keyword: textbooks of the Provisional Guidelines in the Nine Years Curriculum, geometrical materials, content analysis

  • The Study of Senior High School Students’ Conceptual Change Teaching of Cell Membrane Physiological Phenomenon

    Chow-Chin Lu & Wen-Chiung Lin* 

     

    This study is mainly to investigate the teaching strategies of a teacher and alternative conceptions of the senior high school students who finish the curriculum of cell membrane physiological phenomenon. According to the types of alternative conceptions, we design conceptual change teaching by using conceptual change model and 5E constructive learning cycle. We use the quasi-experimental method to inquire the effect.

The results indicated that the senior high school teacher uses mainly expository instruction teaching. Based on the types of alternative conceptions, we designed six conceptual change teaching activities and teach them to students. Data analysis showed that the cell membrane physiological phenomenon conceptions of experimental-group students are definitely superior to the control-group students (t=2.373，p<0.05), and the effect lasts without being influenced by maturation. The conceptual change teaching can apparently promote the experimental-group students’ achievement, and their DODT and CPPA scores progress to surpass control-group students by 0.32 ES and 0.63 ES. The annotation analysis showed that cell membrane structure model analogy and the material turnover cell membrane by computer animation explanation could make students change their alternative conceptions. The memory conceptions can be enhanced by expository instruction. Osmosis process and both concentration and tensity are belonging to the migration between the different categories, so it is more difficult for students to change their alternative conceptions. If teacher uses an experimental teaching method, then student firmly can justity their experimental hypothesis based on their analysis on experimental result. Some conceptual change teaching activities may be recommended for high school biological teachers.

Keyword: cell membrane physiological phenomenon, conceptual change model, 5E constructive learning cycle, conceptual change teaching

Jian-He Xu & Hsiao-Tseng Keng*

 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the learning efficiency of the fifth grade students of the elementary school who learned the concept of the “light.”

The focus of this study was on the difference in learning efficiency when students were or were not offered the web-based instructional system. The design of this research was based on the perspective and strategies of the “web-information” and of the “constructive learning.”

In order to get the quantitative data, this research used the “Nonequivalent pretest-posttest control design” of the quasi-experimental design to investigate students’ learning efficiency. As for the qualitative data, “Semi-structured in-depth interviews,” “teaching records,” and “web-records” were used to investigate both the learning process and the result during their learning the concept of “light.” The following conclusions were thus made according to both the quantitative and qualitative analysis.

First by offering a web-based learning environment, it helped students to acquire the concept topic of “light”.

Second, the web-based learning environment could highly raise students’ learning efficiency in accomplishing the concept of “light”.

Third, after receiving instruction about “light,” the students had better concept on the “reflection” and “shadow” part. In addition, the web-based learning environment could furthermore help them to significantly develop their concept about the “sense of sight.”

Finally, the web-based learning environment could help the students to achieve better learning efficiency in the “light” unit (activity 4) compared to normal learning environment.

 

Keyword: web-based learning, conceptual learning, “light”

The findings were described as below. The higher self-efficacy of technologyinstruction integration teachers perceived, the more opportunities they devoted effort and time to it. The higher task values they perceived, the higher commitment they hold. Teachers’ age and the length of teaching presented opposite correlations with their commitment and effort on technology-instruction integration. However, the information technology training workshops were considered as an effective way to increase their self-efficacy in technology implementation. Moreover, a supporting environment encouraged teachers to integrate technology into instruction such as adequate technology equipments, CAI management systems, supporting teams to share experiences and solve problems, and attracting incentives. However, they have difficulty in comprehending and designing computer-animation related multimedia materials to help students clarify their wrong learning concept and to totransfer abstract concepts to concrete. They hope to take more workshops related to multimedia design principles, integrating technology to learning areas, and other multimedia related theories.

For future research, it is suggested that, as HPT model in mind, some effective interventions can be selected, designed and implemented. By giving real case models, it will help teachers easily integrate technology into their teaching subjects.

 

Keyword: Technology-instruction integration, cognitive motivators, Human performance technology (HPT), self-efficacy of technology- instruction integration, task value

  • A Survey of Taipei Elementary School Teachers’ Application of Instructional Resources in National Taiwan Science Education Center

    Tzyh-Lee Chang & Wen-Hwa Chen*

     

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the cooperating mode using the educational resources from National Taiwan Science Education Center to develop a school-based curriculum by elementary school teachers in Taipei City. In this study, data were collected via survey. The subjects for the survey are 578 elementary school teachers. The self-designed questionnaire includes the cognition, methods, difficulties in the use of the educational resources from the National Taiwan Science Education Center, and also the attitude toward developing a school-based curriculum. According to the statistics, this study comes to the following conclusions. First, among these educational resources from Science Education Center, the teachers tend to use more dynamic activities than static ones. Approximately sixty percent of teachers used the educational resources from Science Education Center only once or twice last year. Second, approximately seventy percent of teachers tend to arrange interpreters for students’ visit to Science Education Center. Third, the teachers have encountered difficulties in using the educational resources of Science Education Center. These difficulties include: the knowing of the information of Science Education Center is not enough; the content of courses is difficult to be incorporated; the teachers have not been trained by the center; the illustration and interpreters are not enough. Fourth, more than ninety percent of the teachers are in the affirmative to use the educational resources of Science Education Center to develop a school-based curriculum. However, more than sixty percent of the teachers think that Science Education Center plays a more important role than the school. Based upon the conclusions, we provide suggestions for the Science Education Center, schools, and teachers.

 

Keyword: science education center, elementary school teachers in Taipei City, survey, school-based curriculum

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